The links connecting these units are referred to: High-MAC and Low-MAC), the services and functions provided by the MAC layer will be located in the Central Unit (CU), in the Distributed Unit (DU), or in both. The most demanding interface in 5G RAN transport is between the RU and DU. 5G Transport Options. The RU (radio) provides functions such as analog to digital conversion, filtering, power amplification and TX/RX; with the use of massive multiple input/multiple output (MIMO), the RU is inte- grated with the antenna. This option requires some kind of compression technique to reduce transport bandwidth requirements between the DU and CU.Option 7-2 In this option the UL, FFT, CP removal, resource de-mapping and possibly pre-filtering functions reside in the DU, the rest of PHY functions reside in the CU. Fs-C and Fs-U provide control plane and user plane connectivity over Fs interface.Therefore, by splitting the MAC layer into 2 entities (e.g. Typically, small coverage cells result *-Highest bandwidth requirements of all functional split options.-Bandwidth scales with number of RUs. -Complex timing for RU and CU/DU link. Central Unit (CU) and Distributed Unit Functional Split Options Among all of these differences, out of the most outstanding one would be that the gNB internal structure is split into two parts called CU (Central Unit) and DU (Distributed Unit) as shown below and these two entities are connected by a new interface called F1 (For the details of F1 Intreface, refer to 38.473). The link between REC and RE is served using CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface). In the DL, iFFT and CP addition functions reside in the DU, the rest of PHY functions reside in the CU. They have proposed about 8 possible options shown in below figure.The logical architecture of gNB is shown in figure below with Central Unit (CU) and Distributed Unit (DU). The main change in 5G is that the original Base Band Unit (BBU) in 4G/LTE is 5G is now split into three parts as defined in TR 38.801: Central Unit (CU) Distributed Unit (DU) Remote Radio Unit (RRU) Here, High RLC segments RLC PDU based on the status reports while Low RLC segments RLC PDU into the available MAC PDU resources.Considering above there are three sub-variant available for this option described as belowIn this architecture, Central Unit (CU) and Distribution Unit (DU) can be defined as follows:Option 7-1 In this option the UL, FFT, CP removal and possibly PRACH filtering functions reside in the DU, the rest of PHY functions reside in the CU. This lowers cost as air conditioning is not needed at the antenna site.The network is split into three parts:The link between the cloud-hosted C-RAN and REC is via a traditional IP based backhaul. The CPRI link requires:The fronthaul bandwidth depends on the exact split point between the DU and the RU. In this architecture, Central Unit (CU) and Distribution Unit (DU) can be defined as follows: Central Unit (CU): It is a logical node that includes the gNB functions like Transfer of user data, Mobility control, Radio access network sharing, Positioning, Session Management etc., except those functions allocated exclusively to the DU.CU controls the operation of DUs over front-haul (Fs) interface. 5G Core, CU, DU and RU split (credit: Xilinx ) In the DL, iFFT, CP addition, resource mapping and precoding functions reside in the DU, the rest of PHY functions reside in the CU.The choice of how to split New Radio (NR) functions in the architecture depends on some factors related to radio network deployment scenarios, constraints and intended supported services. Architecture Change of 5G RAN eCPRI interface (DU-RRU) L2 internal division L1 internal division NGFI interface (CU-DU) CU DU RRU Change in architecture：function split of 3GPP 5G RAN defines CU and DU two-stages architecture CU：non-real-time processing, centralized deployment, general hardware The main objective here is to limit the electronics needed at the antenna site. This approach benefits from simpler radio equipment at the network edge, easier operation, and cheaper maintenance, while the main RAN intelligence (BBUs) is centralized in the operator-controlled premises.
An example of this kind distribution given below.This option splits the RLC sublayer into High RLC and Low RLC sublayers such that for RLC Acknowledge Mode operation, all RLC functions may be performed at the High RLC sublayer residing in the central unit, while the segmentation may be performed at the Low RLC sublayer residing in the distributed unit.
The solution of this problem requires a rethink of the functional split used for RAN and C-RAN deployments. The gNB is split into a CU and DU for the scalability and DU offloading In order to overcome an explosion in traffic usage, 5G largely makes use of higher frequency bands than LTE.
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